Learn how to use modal verbs
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| INTRODUCTION |
| Jo:Hello everyone and welcome to RussianPod101.com. This is the Upper Beginner Series, season 1, lesson 7: What CAN I eat in Russia? I’m Jo. |
| Svetlana:And I’m Svetlana. Privet. |
| Jo:In this lesson we're going to learn modal verbs in Russian, and we will also listen to Elena getting upset because she has to give up her favorite sweets. |
| Svetlana:The conversation is between Elena and her doctor, and it takes place in the doctor’s office. |
| Jo:Elena and the doctor will be using relatively formal Russian. |
| DIALOGUE |
| Doctor: Вот специально разработанный для вас рацион питания. Вы обязательно должны есть овощи и фрукты, ещё нужно исключить жирное, соленое и сладкое. |
| Elena: Как же я останусь без десерта? |
| Doctor: Лучшим десертом станут фрукты. Иногда можно есть горький шоколад и мед. |
| Elena: Мда, боюсь моё психологическое здоровье пострадает. |
| Doctor: Vot spetsial 'no razrabotanniy dlya vas ratsion pitaniya. Vy obyazatel 'no dolzhny yest ' ovoschi i frukty, yeschyo nuzhno isklyuchit ' zhirnoye, solyonoye i sladkoye. |
| Elena: Kak zhe ya ostanus ' bez deserta? |
| Doctor: Luchshim desertom stanut frukty. Inogda mozhno yest ' gor 'kiy shokolad i myod. |
| Elena: Mda, boyus ' moyo psihologicheskoye zdorov 'ye postradayet. |
| Doctor: Here are some nutrition tips specifically for you. You have to eat more fruits and vegetables, and avoid fatty, salty and sweet food. |
| Elena: So you're saying I cannot have dessert? |
| Doctor: The best dessert for you would be fruit, and on occasion you can have some bitter chocolate or honey. |
| Elena: Hmm, I think my mental health is going to suffer. |
| POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
| Jo:Elena sounds a bit stressed out about having to give up sweets! |
| Svetlana:(laughs) Well, who wouldn’t be stressed? |
| Jo:True. I’ve heard a lot about Russian food and drinks but are there any traditional Russian sweets? |
| Svetlana:For sure! Russian people really like sweets. Anything that might go with tea will do. |
| Jo:Like what? |
| Svetlana:Well, for example, Russian ‘pryaniki’, or “gingerbread” in English, is very popular. Sometimes it is called “honey bread”. |
| Jo:Oh I think I know of it. There are different types, aren’t there? |
| Svetlana:Yes, the most famous types of ‘pryaniki’ are made in Tula city. Another popular Russian sweet is Ptichie Moloko. It is a thick marshmallow on sponge cake that’s covered with chocolate. |
| Jo:Oh, my mouth is watering. It sounds delicious! |
| VOCAB LIST |
| Jo: Let's take a look at the vocabulary for this lesson. The first word we shall see is... |
| Svetlana: специальный [natural native speed] |
| Jo: specific |
| Svetlana: специальный [slowly - broken down by syllable] специальный [natural native speed] |
| Jo: Next |
| Svetlana: разработанный [natural native speed] |
| Jo: developed |
| Svetlana: разработанный [slowly - broken down by syllable] разработанный [natural native speed] |
| Jo: Next |
| Svetlana: обязательно [natural native speed] |
| Jo: sure(ly), definitely, certainly |
| Svetlana: обязательно [slowly - broken down by syllable] обязательно [natural native speed] |
| Jo: Next |
| Svetlana: солёное [natural native speed] |
| Jo: salty food |
| Svetlana: солёное [slowly - broken down by syllable] солёное [natural native speed] |
| Jo: Next |
| Svetlana: жирное [natural native speed] |
| Jo: fatty food |
| Svetlana: жирное [slowly - broken down by syllable] жирное [natural native speed] |
| Jo: Next |
| Svetlana: сладкое [natural native speed] |
| Jo: sweet food |
| Svetlana: сладкое [slowly - broken down by syllable] сладкое [natural native speed] |
| Jo: Next |
| Svetlana: исключить [natural native speed] |
| Jo: to exclude, to avoid |
| Svetlana: исключить [slowly - broken down by syllable] исключить [natural native speed] |
| Jo: Next |
| Svetlana: разрешаться [natural native speed] |
| Jo: to be allowed |
| Svetlana: разрешаться [slowly - broken down by syllable] разрешаться [natural native speed] |
| Jo: And last... |
| Svetlana: пострадать [natural native speed] |
| Jo: to suffer |
| Svetlana: пострадать [slowly - broken down by syllable] пострадать [natural native speed] |
| KEY VOCAB AND PHRASES |
| Jo:Let's have a closer look at some of the words and phrases from this lesson. |
| Svetlana:The first phrase is Исключить солёное. |
| Jo:“to avoid salty food”. |
| Svetlana:We used it in this sentence- |
| Вы обязательно должны есть овощи и фрукты, исключить жирное, соленое и сладкое. |
| Jo:“You have to eat more fruits and vegetables, and avoid fatty, salty and sweet food.” |
| Svetlana:The verb Исключить literally means “to exclude” or “to leave out”. The noun солёное is translated as an adjective, which is “salty” in English. |
| Jo:But in Russian it’s a noun, just like the other two nouns we used in the dialogue. |
| Svetlana:Yes, жирное and сладкое mean “fatty” and “sweet”, respectively. |
| Jo:Ok. Let’s move to our next key word. |
| Svetlana:Next up is the verb разрешаться. |
| Jo:“to be allowed” or “to be permitted”. Which sentence did we use it in? |
| Svetlana:Иногда разрешается есть горький шоколад и мед. |
| Jo:“On occasion you can have some bitter chocolate or honey.” or more literally “you are allowed to have bitter chocolate or honey”. |
| Svetlana: In this sentence the verb разрешаться, meaning “to be |
| allowed”, is used with the verb есть in the infinitive form. For example - Здесь не разрешается курить. |
| Jo:“You are not allowed to smoke here”. Okay, what is the last key word? |
| Svetlana:It is the verb пострадать. |
| Jo:“to suffer”, from the sentence “Hmm, I think my mental health is going to suffer.” |
| Svetlana:Мда, боюсь моё психологическое здоровье пострадает. The verb пострадать is derived from the verb страдать. |
| Jo:What is the difference between those two verbs? |
| Svetlana:Well, the main difference is the prefix по - . It gives the verb страдать a meaning of completion. Let’s compare two examples - |
| Она всю жизнь страдала из-за плохого зрения. |
| Jo:“She has been suffering her whole life because of her poor eyesight.” |
| Svetlana:and Они пострадали в аварии. |
| Jo:“They got into a car accident”. |
| Svetlana:The verb страдать indicates the process of suffering while the verb пострадать indicates negative consequences of some action. |
| Jo:I see how it works. Okay now, let’s move on to the grammar. |
| GRAMMAR POINT |
| Svetlana:In this lesson, you’ll learn how to use three modal verbs - Должен, Можно and Нужно. |
| Jo:Let’s take a closer look at each of them. The first one is a verb which means “have to” or “must”. It is used when you want to strongly give advice, a recommendation, or a command, as in our dialogue. |
| Svetlana:Вы обязательно должны есть овощи и фрукты, ещё нужно исключить жирное, соленое и сладкое. |
| Jo:"You have to eat more fruits and vegetables, and avoid fatty, salty and sweet food." This verb is always used with another verb in its infinitive form. For example: |
| Svetlana:Он должен заплатить за ужин. |
| Jo:“He must pay for dinner.” |
| Svetlana:This verb also has another meaning. |
| Jo:What’s that? |
| Svetlana:“to owe”. For example - |
| Он должен мне большую сумму денег |
| Jo:“He owes me a huge amount of money” |
| Okay, Let’s move on to the next verb. |
| Svetlana:The next modal verb is Можно. |
| Jo:“can”, “could”, or “may”. It is mostly used to ask for permission, and it will always be followed by an infinitive. |
| Svetlana:Right. For example - |
| Можно мне взять кусочек торта? |
| Jo:“Can I have a piece of cake?” |
| Which sentence from the dialogue uses this verb? |
| Svetlana:На десерт можно фрукты. |
| Jo:“The best dessert for you would be fruit.” Okay, and what is the last modal verb for this lesson? |
| Svetlana:It is Нужно. |
| Jo:“to need” or “to be necessary”. This verb \will also always be used with infinitives. For example- |
| Svetlana:Нужно чистить зубы два раза в день. |
| Jo:“You should brush your teeth twice a day.” And can you remind us where in the dialogue this modal verb was used? |
| Svetlana:Sure. It was “Вы обязательно должны есть овощи и фрукты, ещё нужно исключить жирное, соленое и сладкое.” |
| Jo:"You have to eat more fruits and vegetables, and avoid fatty, salty and sweet food." |
| MARKETING PIECE |
| Svetlana:Listeners, do you know the secret to rapid progress? |
| Jo:Use all of the materials at your disposal. |
| Svetlana:Lesson notes are an important part of this program. |
| Jo:They include a transcript and a translation of the conversation... |
| Svetlana:...key lesson vocabulary... |
| Jo:and detailed grammar explanations. |
| Svetlana:Lesson notes accompany every audio or video lesson. |
| Jo:Visit the website and feel free to print them out. |
| Svetlana:Using the lesson notes with the audio and video media will rapidly increase your progress. |
| Jo:To download the notes for this lesson go to RussianPod101.com. |
Outro |
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| Jo:Okay, that’s it for this lesson. Thanks for listening, everyone. |
| Svetlana:Pokapoka. |
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